Statistically Supported LLM Ingredient and Recipe Data Collection in Computational Nutrition

Abstract:Computational nutrition needs precise ingredient data, but current databases are incomplete, inconsistent, and built for human reference rather than automated reasoning. LLMs could help fill these gaps, but single-pass outputs are unreliable and can introduce silent errors into downstream computation. We present a quality-controlled LLM pipeline for ingredient data acquisition that combines robust statistical estimation, domain-specific invariant checks, and a web-fetch fallback. An illustrative Heap's Law fit to 233 recipes suggests that unique-ingredient growth is sub-linear and front-loaded: the projected ratio of unique ingredients to recipes falls from 1.74 at 100 recipes to 0.19 at 5,000. For each ingredient attribute, repeated LLM queries are treated as samples from a model-induced answer distribution, and we apply robust point estimators and normalised confidence scores across numerical, Boolean, multiple-choice, open categorical, and optional integer types. An invariant guard layer enforces nutritional and logical self-consistency within each ingredient record. Minor numeric inconsistencies are reconciled via a linear program that minimises worst-case percentage deviation while preserving semantic zeros, and major violations are escalated to web-evidence-grounded repair, then human review only if that fails. On a curated 30-ingredient reference set, the pipeline achieves 98.4% exact match on nutrient flags and cuts median absolute percentage error on nutrient ratios from 31.9% for the median-aggregated baseline to 10.1%, a reduction of 21.8 percentage points, at an API cost of about $1 per ingredient. This frames LLM-assisted database construction as a controlled data-engineering workflow that makes uncertainty operational rather than discarding it.

Information Retrieval (cs.IR); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Emerging Technologies (cs.ET)

arXiv:2607.23273 [cs.IR]

(or arXiv:2607.23273v1 [cs.IR] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.23273 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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