Amortized Stabilizer R\'enyi Entropy of Quantum Dynamics

arXiv:2409.06659v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Magic states are essential resources for fault-tolerant quantum computation. We introduce the amortized stabilizer R\'enyi entropy (SRE), which quantifies the largest SRE increase generated by a unitary, including arbitrary pure inputs and reference systems. Initial nonstabilizerness can enhance this increase, whereas analogous amortized logarithmic robustness and extent collapse to stabilizer-input optimizations. We establish structural properties and exact amortized 2-SRE values for the $T$ and $CCZ$ gates. We then derive explicit lower bounds on approximate $T$-state cost, with diamond-distance error, allowing stabilizer ancillary states, Pauli measurements, and classical feedforward. A Choi-state witness gives computable bounds for quantum Fourier transforms, controlled rotations, fractional controlled-SWAP gates, and finite Heisenberg-chain evolutions. We distinguish the unrestricted optimization from its Choi witness and specify the access and precision requirements for estimating Pauli moments. An odd-moment variant yields a confidence-qualified cost witness from ordinary copies.