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This research introduces a fully automated machine learning pipeline that significantly improves the detection and labeling of trace gas plumes from imaging spectrometers like EMIT. By combining morphological analysis with physics-based modeling, the system achieves high accuracy while uncovering at least 25% of large events previously missed due to human confirmation bias. The approach also extends capabilities to detect understudied gases such as ammonia and nitrogen dioxide autonomously.
Fully Automatic Trace Gas Plume Detection
arXiv:2605.03372v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Future imaging spectrometers will expand contemporary data volumes by orders of magnitude, requiring automated methods to upscale labor-intensive detection of trace gas point sources. Here we present a fully-automated approach that achieves operational performance for plume detection and labelling without human participation. Our method combines machine learning (ML)-based morphological analysis with physics-based spectroscopic model fitting. We deploy it on data from the EMIT imaging spectrometer, operating in two modes. First, we present a "daily digest" that runs automatically on all downlinked data, flagging the largest events for immediate response. The daily digest demonstrates that a significant fraction of the largest plumes can be detected automatically with negligible false positives. This represents a significant new high-water mark in plume detection accuracy. Second, we use it for retrospective analysis to find plumes that were missed by the existing human review process. We observe that at least 25% of large plumes may have been passed over in the existing workflow due to confirmation bias and ambiguity in the visual cues used by human reviewers. Finally, we extend detection to three understudied trace gases: NH3, NO2 and the first observations of carbon monoxide (CO) plume in EMIT imagery.
Authors:Vít Růžička, David R. Thompson, Jay E. Fahlen, Amanda M. Lopez, Steven Lu, Chuchu Xiang, Holly Bender, Daniel Jensen, Philip G. Brodrick, Jake Lee, Brian Bue, Daniel H. Cusworth, Luis Guanter, Adam Chlus, Andrew Thorpe, Robert O. Green
Abstract:Future imaging spectrometers will expand contemporary data volumes by orders of magnitude, requiring automated methods to upscale labor-intensive detection of trace gas point sources. Here we present a fully-automated approach that achieves operational performance for plume detection and labelling without human participation. Our method combines machine learning (ML)-based morphological analysis with physics-based spectroscopic model fitting. We deploy it on data from the EMIT imaging spectrometer, operating in two modes. First, we present a "daily digest" that runs automatically on all downlinked data, flagging the largest events for immediate response. The daily digest demonstrates that a significant fraction of the largest plumes can be detected automatically with negligible false positives. This represents a significant new high-water mark in plume detection accuracy. Second, we use it for retrospective analysis to find plumes that were missed by the existing human review process. We observe that at least 25% of large plumes may have been passed over in the existing workflow due to confirmation bias and ambiguity in the visual cues used by human reviewers. Finally, we extend detection to three understudied trace gases: NH3, NO2 and the first observations of carbon monoxide (CO) plume in EMIT imagery.
Machine Learning (cs.LG)
arXiv:2605.03372 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2605.03372v2 [cs.LG] for this version)
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