Benchmarking Generalist and Specialist Time-Series Foundation Models for PPG-Based Health Assessment

arXiv:2510.14254v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Time-series Foundation Models (FMs) are pretrained on either heterogeneous corpora or specific signal domains. Using Photoplethysmography (PPG) as a representative modality, we compare generalist time-series FMs, PPG-specialist FMs, and traditional machine learning (ML) baselines for PPG-based health assessment. We conduct a two-stage benchmark. First, we evaluate multiple FM families across 23 downstream evaluations (e.g., atrial fibrillation detection, vital-sign estimation). Second, we conduct a focused four-FM comparison (MOMENT, Chronos-2, GPT-PPG, MOMENT-PPG) at multiple model sizes on an expanded 51-task suite, under both frozen-backbone and full-model tuning, to study tuning strategy, model scaling, and cross-dataset transfer. The multi-model benchmark shows that PPG-specialist FMs achieve the strongest aggregate performance, but their advantage is not uniform: generalist FMs remain competitive on several tasks, and traditional ML baselines outperform FMs on selected clinical regression tasks. The focused analysis shows that the advantage of PPG-specific pretraining appears mainly with frozen backbones and on targets that the waveform directly reflects, such as atrial fibrillation and vital signs. Full-model tuning narrows this advantage, model rankings change with the tuning strategy, and the largest model variant is the best choice in only about one-third of cases. Additionally, controlled experiments with two generalist models show that initializing PPG pretraining from generalist checkpoints provides an early advantage over training from scratch, even when the pretrained features offer little downstream benefit. Together, these findings suggest that PPG-specific pretraining is useful but task-dependent, and that FMs should be evaluated against simpler statistical, traditional ML, and clinical history-based baselines.

Authors:Saurabh Kataria, Yi Wu, Zhaoliang Chen, Hyunjung Gloria Kwak, Yuhao Xu, Lovely Yeswanth Panchumarthi, Ran Xiao, Jiaying Lu, Ayca Ermis, Anni Zhao, Runze Yan, Minxiao Wang, Alex Fedorov, Zewen Liu, Xu Wu, Hongyu Wu, Wei Jin, Carl Yang, Jocelyn Grunwell, Stephanie R. Brown, Amit Shah, Craig Jabaley, Tim Buchman, Sivasubramanium V Bhavani, Randall J. Lee, Xiao Hu

Abstract:Time-series Foundation Models (FMs) are pretrained on either heterogeneous corpora or specific signal domains. Using Photoplethysmography (PPG) as a representative modality, we compare generalist time-series FMs, PPG-specialist FMs, and traditional machine learning (ML) baselines for PPG-based health assessment. We conduct a two-stage benchmark. First, we evaluate multiple FM families across 23 downstream evaluations (e.g., atrial fibrillation detection, vital-sign estimation). Second, we conduct a focused four-FM comparison (MOMENT, Chronos-2, GPT-PPG, MOMENT-PPG) at multiple model sizes on an expanded 51-task suite, under both frozen-backbone and full-model tuning, to study tuning strategy, model scaling, and cross-dataset transfer. The multi-model benchmark shows that PPG-specialist FMs achieve the strongest aggregate performance, but their advantage is not uniform: generalist FMs remain competitive on several tasks, and traditional ML baselines outperform FMs on selected clinical regression tasks. The focused analysis shows that the advantage of PPG-specific pretraining appears mainly with frozen backbones and on targets that the waveform directly reflects, such as atrial fibrillation and vital signs. Full-model tuning narrows this advantage, model rankings change with the tuning strategy, and the largest model variant is the best choice in only about one-third of cases. Additionally, controlled experiments with two generalist models show that initializing PPG pretraining from generalist checkpoints provides an early advantage over training from scratch, even when the pretrained features offer little downstream benefit. Together, these findings suggest that PPG-specific pretraining is useful but task-dependent, and that FMs should be evaluated against simpler statistical, traditional ML, and clinical history-based baselines.

Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2510.14254 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2510.14254v2 [cs.LG] for this version)

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Benchmarking Generalist and Specialist Time-Series Foundation Models for PPG-Based Health Assessment

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