Where Do Apparent LLM Clinical Triage Failures Arise? Localizing the Multiple-Choice Format Effect

Title:Where Do Apparent LLM Clinical Triage Failures Arise? Localizing the Multiple-Choice Format Effect

Abstract:LLM evaluations using clinician-authored triage vignettes have reported substantial under-triage under constrained multiple-choice testing. Yet model performance on the same clinical cases can change when responses are generated in free text. We test whether this format effect appears while the case is processed or when clinical information is mapped to the final answer. Using sparse-autoencoder (SAE) features in Gemma 3 4B/12B IT and Qwen3-8B, we find that medical features fire on the shared clinical narrative under both formats but are inactive at the multiple-choice decision token. Emergency-tier information is linearly decodable from vignette representations with ROC-AUC $0.95$--$1.00$ under both formats, with no significant format difference, but is attenuated at the decision token. Natural-language autoencoder verbalization and top-feature characterization associate that token with the multiple-choice scaffold. In a direct linear projection, the identified medical features contribute zero, whereas scaffold-peaking features account for over $91\%$ of unsigned attribution in both Gemma models. Behaviorally, whether multiple choice improves or worsens performance depends on the model. Option-order shuffles rule out simple positional bias, and cases that differ between formats are usually one severity tier apart. Together, these findings place the strongest correlates of the format effect at answer selection while leaving open whether unmeasured clinical representations also differ. Code and data to reproduce experiments are available in the study repository. this https URL

Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

arXiv:2605.29889 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2605.29889v2 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.29889 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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