When Should LLMs Be Less Specific? Selective Abstraction for Reliable Long-Form Text Generation

Title:When Should LLMs Be Less Specific? Selective Abstraction for Reliable Long-Form Text Generation

Abstract:LLMs are widely used, yet they remain prone to factual errors that erode trust and limit adoption in high-risk settings. One approach to mitigate this risk is to equip models with uncertainty estimation mechanisms that abstain when confidence is low. However, this binary "all-or-nothing" approach is excessively restrictive in long-form settings, often discarding valuable information. We introduce Selective Abstraction (SA), a framework that enables LLMs to trade specificity for reliability by selectively reducing the detail of uncertain content. We formalize SA through selective risk and coverage, and propose Atom-wise Selective Abstraction, a claim-level instantiation that decomposes responses into atomic claims and replaces uncertain atoms with higher-confidence, less specific abstractions. We develop a novel end-to-end pipeline for evaluating long-form generation that instantiates risk as factual correctness and measures coverage as retained information. Our comprehensive empirical evaluation across five LLMs and two long-form factual benchmarks shows that atom-wise SA consistently improves the risk-coverage trade-off, outperforming seven baselines, including claim removal, self-revision, sampling-based aggregation, and chain-of-verification. It improves AURC by up to 35.61% over claim removal, demonstrating that reducing specificity boosts reliability while preserving substantial information. We further provide a risk-guided procedure for selecting a confidence threshold that satisfies a target risk.

Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2602.11908 [cs.AI]

(or arXiv:2602.11908v4 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.11908 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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