What We Observe as LLM Behavior Can Be a Side-effect of Inference Backend

Abstract:Benchmark scores are reported as properties of a model, yet the inference framework used to produce them, such as HuggingFace, vLLM, or Ollama, are considered non-influential and their names and versions are almost never disclosed. In this work we investigate how much this choice can influence the model output. In a fully-crossed study (three instruction-tuned models x five inference frameworks x six benchmarks x four generation modes) we investigate how different tools (wrappers/backend) influence benchmark scores and how their score changes is influenced by generation hyper-parameters. We find backend to be a non-negligible factor where even under greedy, sampling-noise-free decoding, changing the backend can significantly alter models performance and this effect is structural and strongly model-dependent. Decomposing the variance according to generation mode reveal that considerable portion of the variability (roughly 39\%) a practitioner sees out-of-the-box can stem from the backend, while the remaining stems from sampling noise and each framework's default generation parameters, both of which are avoidable by disclosing and matching the generation configuration. These divergences are more pronounced on factual than on social-bias benchmarks. Overall, benchmark numbers are not backend-agnostic therefore, we recommend disclosing the backend, its version, and the full generation configuration, also using deterministic decoding for cross-backend comparison.

Software Engineering (cs.SE); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2608.04714 [cs.SE]

(or arXiv:2608.04714v1 [cs.SE] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.04714 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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