What Aggregate Scores Miss: Measuring Item-Level Regressions in Commercial LLM API Migrations

Abstract:Context: Software systems that depend on commercial large language model APIs must migrate to successor versions when vendors deprecate older models. Migration decisions typically rely on aggregate benchmark scores, which compress heterogeneous item-level behaviour into a single net figure. Objective: We measure what that compression conceals. Method: On three pairwise upgrades in the GPT-5.4 to GPT-5.6 Sol product sequence, we query 900 public benchmark items (graduate-level knowledge, olympiad mathematics, instruction following) 50 times per item per model, classify each item as reliably improved, reliably regressed, practically equivalent, or inconclusive under false-discovery-rate control and a practical-significance threshold, and calibrate the results against a label-permutation null. Results: Across all nine migration-benchmark cells, reliable improvements and reliable regressions coexist. Edges with aggregate gains of up to 7.3 percentage points contain up to 8.3% reliably regressed items; edges with aggregate losses contain up to 10.7% reliably improved items. On the instruction-following benchmark, the gap between strict and loose scoring widens by 3.9 percentage points on the latest migration: a 3.9-point regression under strict scoring shrinks to 0.04 points under loose scoring. Conclusion: Migration decisions based on aggregate scores alone miss substantial bidirectional item-level change. The complete response-level archive and per-item scoring outputs are released.

Software Engineering (cs.SE); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2608.17719 [cs.SE]

(or arXiv:2608.17719v1 [cs.SE] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.17719 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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