UniRRM: Unified Reasoning Reward Models Across Languages and Evaluation Paradigms

arXiv:2609.05910v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Reinforcement learning (RL) excels on tasks with verifiable rewards, but in open-ended tasks, the reliability of reward models remains a key challenge. Existing solutions either depend on costly proprietary LLM-as-a-Judge systems or opaque scalar reward models that lack interpretability. Recent works on generative reward models offer a promising alternative, but they remain constrained by static evaluation criteria, fragmented evaluation paradigms, and limited multilingual support. To address these challenges, we introduce \textbf{MixReward}, a large-scale multilingual dataset spanning six domains and 103 languages, containing both pairwise and listwise data, and propose \textbf{UniRRM}, a unified reasoning reward model supporting multiple languages and evaluation paradigms. UniRRM uses a staged reasoning chain to dynamically generate task-generic and instruction-specific criteria, enabling fine-grained, input-adaptive judgments while maintaining consistency across languages. Experiments demonstrate that UniRRM-8B and UniRRM-14B achieve performance close to the state-of-the-art for models of comparable size across multiple benchmarks, and are effective for unseen evaluation paradigms. In addition, ablation studies validate the reliability and effectiveness of UniRRM.

Abstract:Reinforcement learning (RL) excels on tasks with verifiable rewards, but in open-ended tasks, the reliability of reward models remains a key challenge. Existing solutions either depend on costly proprietary LLM-as-a-Judge systems or opaque scalar reward models that lack interpretability. Recent works on generative reward models offer a promising alternative, but they remain constrained by static evaluation criteria, fragmented evaluation paradigms, and limited multilingual support. To address these challenges, we introduce \textbf{MixReward}, a large-scale multilingual dataset spanning six domains and 103 languages, containing both pairwise and listwise data, and propose \textbf{UniRRM}, a unified reasoning reward model supporting multiple languages and evaluation paradigms. UniRRM uses a staged reasoning chain to dynamically generate task-generic and instruction-specific criteria, enabling fine-grained, input-adaptive judgments while maintaining consistency across languages. Experiments demonstrate that UniRRM-8B and UniRRM-14B achieve performance close to the state-of-the-art for models of comparable size across multiple benchmarks, and are effective for unseen evaluation paradigms. In addition, ablation studies validate the reliability and effectiveness of UniRRM.

Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

arXiv:2609.05910 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2609.05910v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.05910 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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UniRRM: Unified Reasoning Reward Models Across Languages and Evaluation Paradigms

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