The Prosody of Emojis

Abstract:Prosodic features such as pitch, timing, and intonation are central to spoken communication, conveying emotion, intent, and discourse structure. In text-based settings, where these cues are absent, emojis act as visual surrogates that add affective and pragmatic nuance. This study examines how emojis influence prosodic realisation in speech and how listeners interpret prosodic cues to recover emoji meanings. Unlike previous work, we directly link prosody and emojis by analysing human speech data collected through a controlled elicited production task. Using Bayesian multilevel modelling, we show that speakers systematically adapt their prosody based on emoji cues, and that listeners can recover intended meanings significantly above chance. Furthermore, our results reveal a clear hierarchy in prosodic shifts: greater semantic differences between emojis correspond to increased prosodic divergence. These findings suggest that emojis are meaningful carriers of prosodic intent that bridge the gap between digital text and spoken production.

Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2508.00537 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2508.00537v2 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.00537 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs.