Spectator Leakage Suppression via Invariant Subspace Engineering for CZ Gates in Superconducting Quantum Circuits

Abstract:Spectator leakage poses a fundamental challenge to scalable quantum computing, particularly as frequency collisions become unavoidable in multi-qubit processors. We introduce a leakage mitigation strategy based on dynamically reshaping the system Hamiltonian. Our technique utilizes a tunable coupler to enforce a block-diagonal structure on the effective Hamiltonian governing near-resonant spectator interactions, confining the gate dynamics to a two-dimensional invariant subspace and thus preventing leakage by construction. On a multi-qubit superconducting processor, we experimentally demonstrate that this dynamic control scheme suppresses leakage rates to the order of $10^{-4}$, across a wide near-resonant detuning range and with up to three simultaneous spectator qubits. These results demonstrate a robust and scalable method that resolves the critical trade-off between dense frequency packing and high-fidelity gate operation. Our work establishes dynamic Hamiltonian engineering as an essential technology for building fault-tolerant quantum computers.

arXiv:2507.14531 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2507.14531v2 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.14531 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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