Smarter by the Moment: Environment-Driven Dynamic Policies for Continual LLM Improvement

arXiv:2609.16800v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across diverse domains, but continual adaptation to evolving tasks and environments remains a key challenge. Existing memory-augmented approaches retrieve individual past examples as direct references, but do not explicitly synthesize actionable strategies from them, causing the same types of errors to recur. We propose Dynamic Retrieval-based Policy Generation (DRPG), a framework that integrates memory-based retrieval with a dynamic policy generator, leveraging historical data and environment feedback to produce task-specific policies for continual LLM improvement. We evaluate DRPG across six benchmarks spanning text-to-SQL, question answering, medical diagnosis, and Python programming, using seven LLMs from both proprietary and open-weight families. DRPG outperforms strong baselines across most datasets and models. Further analysis demonstrates that DRPG's policy generation is robust to retrieval strategy, operates effectively without prior policy continuity, and can leverage smaller or cross-family models as cost-efficient policy generators. We also find that the benefit of policy-level guidance depends on task characteristics, offering practical insights into when and under what conditions this mechanism is most effective.

Abstract:Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across diverse domains, but continual adaptation to evolving tasks and environments remains a key challenge. Existing memory-augmented approaches retrieve individual past examples as direct references, but do not explicitly synthesize actionable strategies from them, causing the same types of errors to recur. We propose Dynamic Retrieval-based Policy Generation (DRPG), a framework that integrates memory-based retrieval with a dynamic policy generator, leveraging historical data and environment feedback to produce task-specific policies for continual LLM improvement. We evaluate DRPG across six benchmarks spanning text-to-SQL, question answering, medical diagnosis, and Python programming, using seven LLMs from both proprietary and open-weight families. DRPG outperforms strong baselines across most datasets and models. Further analysis demonstrates that DRPG's policy generation is robust to retrieval strategy, operates effectively without prior policy continuity, and can leverage smaller or cross-family models as cost-efficient policy generators. We also find that the benefit of policy-level guidance depends on task characteristics, offering practical insights into when and under what conditions this mechanism is most effective.

25 pages, 13 figures. Accepted to the Conference on Language Modeling (COLM) 2026

Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2609.16800 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2609.16800v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.16800 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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Smarter by the Moment: Environment-Driven Dynamic Policies for Continual LLM Improvement

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