Self-Distillation of Hidden Layers for Self-Supervised Representation Learning

Abstract:The landscape of self-supervised learning (SSL) is currently dominated by generative approaches (e.g. MAE) that reconstruct raw low-level data, and predictive approaches (e.g. I-JEPA) that predict high-level abstract embeddings. While generative methods are stable due to their reliable training targets based on ground-truth data, they are computationally inefficient for high-redundancy modalities like imagery, and their training objective does not prioritize learning high-level, conceptual features. Conversely, predictive methods often suffer from training instability due to their reliance on the non-stationary targets of final-layer self-distillation. We introduce Bootleg, a method that bridges this divide by tasking the model with predicting latent representations from multiple hidden layers of a teacher. This hierarchical objective forces the model to capture features at varying levels of abstraction simultaneously. We demonstrate Bootleg significantly outperforms comparable baselines (+10% vs. I-JEPA) on frozen probe classification of ImageNet-1K, iNaturalist-21, and VTAB, and semantic segmentation of ADE20K, Cityscapes, and COCO-Stuff.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2603.15553 [cs.CV]

(or arXiv:2603.15553v2 [cs.CV] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.15553 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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