Security bounds for unidimensional discrete-modulated CV-QKD: a Gaussian extremality approach

Abstract:Unidimensional (1D) Gaussian-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols have been proposed as a way to simplify implementation and reduce costs through single-quadrature modulation, requiring only one modulator while maintaining compatibility with standard optical infrastructure. Here, we determine security bounds for a 1D discrete-modulated protocol under the Gaussian extremality assumption by extending the method of Ghorai et al. [Phys. Rev. X 9, 021059 (2019)]. We establish the appropriate symmetry arguments to extend the method to the 1D discrete-modulated case, define the physicality zone in which the protocol is allowed to operate, and derive a security bound against collective attacks in the asymptotic regime via semidefinite programming. Our analysis for uniformly distributed coherent states reveals a limitation: the Gaussian extremality assumption systematically overestimates Eve's information with increasing constellation size, yielding bounds so conservative that secure key extraction becomes increasingly limited for larger constellations, even under ideal conditions. This overestimation worsens with excess noise and restricts viable modulation amplitudes to near-vacuum values. Unlike two-dimensional (2D) protocols, where Gaussian extremality improves with constellation size, 1D protocols lack the growing phase-space isotropy required for the approximation to remain tight as the constellation grows. Our results expose these limitations and highlight the necessity of alternative methods or optimized non-uniform constellation designs for this class of protocols.

arXiv:2603.05178 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2603.05178v2 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.05178 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/aeadc7 Focus to learn more DOI(s) linking to related resources

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