Sample-Adaptive Zeroth-Order Post-Training

Abstract:Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization offers a memory-efficient alternative to backpropagation for fine-tuning large language models. However, existing ZO methods typically sample training examples uniformly, overlooking their evolving importance and leaving avoidable estimation variance. To address this limitation, we propose Sample-Adaptive Zeroth-Order Optimization (SAZO), which learns sample importance online and adaptively allocates queries to accelerate convergence. SAZO extracts gradient-norm information from existing directional differences to estimate sample importance without access to true gradients. Furthermore, to track evolving importance from sparse minibatch feedback, SAZO maintains per-example exponential moving averages that aggregate observations across updates. The method requires no additional model evaluations and only $O(N)$ additional scalar state compared with MeZO. We prove that SAZO asymptotically matches the leading convergence term of the minimum-variance sampling oracle, and achieves a strictly faster convergence rate than standard methods. Extensive experiments across four model families demonstrate improved average downstream performance and up to $6\times$ faster convergence to the same training loss in terms of query count.

Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2610.12566 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2610.12566v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.12566 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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