Reward Design for Physical Reasoning in Vision-Language Models

arXiv:2604.13993v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Physical reasoning over images requires integrating perception, domain knowledge, and multi-step symbolic inference, yet Vision-Language Models (VLMs) fall far short of human performance on physics benchmarks. Reinforcement learning can improve reasoning via reward signals, but it remains unclear whether these signals must come from outside the model or can be derived from the model itself. We compare external rewards, which rely on an outside verifier (rule-based format and answer-correctness checks, or an LLM-judge rubric), with an internal attention-based reward computed from the model's own attention over image regions, requiring no labels or judge. We find that external rewards drive most of the accuracy gains, while preserving more coherent reasoning when rewarded for reasoning tokens. The internal attention-based reward, provides an annotation-free grounding signal that improves spatial-relation reasoning and is complementary to external rewards: adding it to format and accuracy rewards, at no additional annotation cost, improves average accuracy on Molmo~2 while generalizing to out-of-distribution tasks. Our results suggest that internal attention rewards can supplement external supervision and lead to improved physical reasoning.

Abstract:Physical reasoning over images requires integrating perception, domain knowledge, and multi-step symbolic inference, yet Vision-Language Models (VLMs) fall far short of human performance on physics benchmarks. Reinforcement learning can improve reasoning via reward signals, but it remains unclear whether these signals must come from outside the model or can be derived from the model itself. We compare external rewards, which rely on an outside verifier (rule-based format and answer-correctness checks, or an LLM-judge rubric), with an internal attention-based reward computed from the model's own attention over image regions, requiring no labels or judge. We find that external rewards drive most of the accuracy gains, while preserving more coherent reasoning when rewarded for reasoning tokens. The internal attention-based reward, provides an annotation-free grounding signal that improves spatial-relation reasoning and is complementary to external rewards: adding it to format and accuracy rewards, at no additional annotation cost, improves average accuracy on Molmo~2 while generalizing to out-of-distribution tasks. Our results suggest that internal attention rewards can supplement external supervision and lead to improved physical reasoning.

Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)

arXiv:2604.13993 [cs.AI]

(or arXiv:2604.13993v2 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.13993 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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Reward Design for Physical Reasoning in Vision-Language Models

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