Revisiting Embodied Chain-of-Thought for Generalizable Robot Manipulation

Abstract:Embodied chain-of-thought (CoT) aims to bridge linguistic reasoning with robotic control, yet its effective form and integration remain underexplored. In this paper, we revisit embodied CoT for robotic control at an unprecedented scale. We curate the largest embodied CoT corpus to date, comprising 978,743 trajectories, 226.3M samples, and 2592.5 hours of data. Through extensive experiments, we show that effective CoT must ground high-level semantic understaning in concrete linguistic action guidance -- such as end-effector movement and image-space trajectories -- whereas high-level reasoning alone yields marginal gains. More importantly, we identify that explicit CoT does not scale reliably as an autoregressive action prefix, suffering from compounding errors during inference. To address these challenges, we propose ERVLA, a vision-language-action (VLA) model that effectively leverages linguistic reasoning in generalizable robot manipulation. ERVLA is trained using a CoT-dropout strategy, allowing the model to leverage rich reasoning traces during training while predicting actions directly without CoT during inference to bypass autoregressive instability. This approach enables reliable scaling with increasing pre-training data. ERVLA achieves state-of-the-art results on LIBERO-Plus with an 86.9\% success rate and reaches 53.2\% on VLABench, showcasing superior performance in out-of-distribution settings. Furthermore, ERVLA outperforms competitive state-of-the-art baselines in real-robot experiments, especially in handling semantic ambiguity and long-horizon tasks. Code, data, and model checkpoints are available on the project website: this https URL.

Robotics (cs.RO)

arXiv:2606.03784 [cs.RO]

(or arXiv:2606.03784v3 [cs.RO] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.03784 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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