Rethinking Multi-Branch and Cross-Backbone Fusion for Vehicle Re-Identification in the Foundation-Model Era

Abstract:Multi-branch architectures and CNN-Transformer fusion have long been regarded as effective ways to improve vehicle re-identification (Re-ID) by combining complementary representations. In this work, we revisit this assumption in the foundation-model era through a comprehensive empirical study. A single DINOv3-pretrained ConvNeXt trained with a tuned recipe achieves 88.19 mAP on VeRi-Wild Small and 77.47 mAP on VeRi-Wild Large using visual cues alone, matching the strongest protocol-verified metadata-dependent multi-branch baseline. Applying training-free re-ranking further improves performance to 92.38 and 83.68 mAP, respectively. Using this strong baseline together with retrieval-level branch diagnostics, we evaluate whether increasing representational diversity still provides measurable gains. Across both benchmarks, concatenating multiple branches built on a shared backbone changes the best single-branch performance by less than one mAP point while increasing the embedding dimension by 4x, and the resulting representation has an effective rank close to the original feature dimension. We further study cross-backbone fusion using an asymmetric frozen-anchor strategy to combine ConvNeXt and Vision Transformer representations. Despite these favorable conditions, Transformer branches consistently remain 13-15 mAP below the ConvNeXt backbone, and paired per-query bootstrap analysis estimates the largest observed fusion gain to be only +0.11 mAP (95% confidence interval). Our results suggest that, under the evaluated setting, improving a single strong foundation-model backbone together with retrieval-stage re-ranking is more effective than increasing architectural complexity through additional branches or heterogeneous backbones. We restrict our conclusions to single-seed training and one family of foundation models and discuss conditions under which these observations may not hold.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2607.22068 [cs.CV]

(or arXiv:2607.22068v1 [cs.CV] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.22068 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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