Reference-Guided Machine Unlearning

arXiv:2603.11210v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Machine unlearning aims to remove the influence of specific training data from a model while preserving its general utility. In vision, many approximate unlearning methods pursue this goal through degradation-based heuristics, such as loss maximization or random labeling. Yet making a model worse on forget samples is not the same as making it behave as if those examples had never been seen: these signals can be poorly conditioned, destabilize optimization, and harm generalization. We argue that approximate unlearning should instead prioritize distributional indistinguishability, aligning the model's predictive behavior on forget data with that on truly unseen data. Motivated by this principle, we propose Reference-Guided Unlearning (ReGUn), a vision unlearning framework that uses disjoint held-out data to construct a principled, class-conditioned reference distribution for distillation. Rather than explicitly degrading predictions on forget examples, ReGUn guides them toward non-member behavior through held-out supervision. Across multiple architectures, natural image datasets, and forget fractions, ReGUn achieves a competitive forgetting--utility trade-off relative to standard approximate baselines while closely matching retrain-like membership inference behavior. As one instantiation of this principle, the results suggest that simple objectives designed around indistinguishability can provide an effective alternative to complex degradation-based unlearning procedures.

Abstract:Machine unlearning aims to remove the influence of specific training data from a model while preserving its general utility. In vision, many approximate unlearning methods pursue this goal through degradation-based heuristics, such as loss maximization or random labeling. Yet making a model worse on forget samples is not the same as making it behave as if those examples had never been seen: these signals can be poorly conditioned, destabilize optimization, and harm generalization. We argue that approximate unlearning should instead prioritize distributional indistinguishability, aligning the model's predictive behavior on forget data with that on truly unseen data. Motivated by this principle, we propose Reference-Guided Unlearning (ReGUn), a vision unlearning framework that uses disjoint held-out data to construct a principled, class-conditioned reference distribution for distillation. Rather than explicitly degrading predictions on forget examples, ReGUn guides them toward non-member behavior through held-out supervision. Across multiple architectures, natural image datasets, and forget fractions, ReGUn achieves a competitive forgetting--utility trade-off relative to standard approximate baselines while closely matching retrain-like membership inference behavior. As one instantiation of this principle, the results suggest that simple objectives designed around indistinguishability can provide an effective alternative to complex degradation-based unlearning procedures.

12 pages, 1 figure, 4 tables. Accepted at three ICLR 2026 workshops: Test-Time Updates (TTU), AI with Recursive Self-Improvement (RSI), and Agents in the Wild (AIWILD)

Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2603.11210 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2603.11210v2 [cs.LG] for this version)

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Reference-Guided Machine Unlearning

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