Radial Tail Repair: Post-Training Correction for Diffusion and Flow Models

Abstract:Diffusion and flow-matching models may struggle to accurately represent distributional tails, especially for heavy-tailed data. Existing approaches often use heavy-tailed noise or modify the generative dynamics, requiring dedicated retraining and more difficult estimation. We take a simpler approach: rather than relearning the full distribution, we correct only the model's behavior in the extreme regime. Our method builds on the radial-angular decomposition of multivariate heavy tails, where radius and direction become asymptotically independent. This allows us to preserve the directional structure learned by the pretrained model and correct only its radial tail. We estimate the tail onset from reference and generated samples, then rescale generated extremes so that their radial survival matches the target distribution. The resulting method is a lightweight post-training correction applied to a frozen diffusion or flow-matching model, requiring neither retraining nor changes to its sampling dynamics. Experiments on challenging synthetic heavy-tailed distributions and real weather and wildfire datasets show that this simple correction substantially improves extreme-tail coverage using only a small number of fitting samples.

Machine Learning (cs.LG); Machine Learning (stat.ML)

arXiv:2610.16851 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2610.16851v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.16851 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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