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This research identifies a novel form of quantum nonclassicality arising from the synthesis of observational and interventional data within causal inference frameworks. The study demonstrates that while individual datasets may admit classical explanations, their joint consideration can violate single classical models, offering new insights into the limits of classical causality in quantum systems. This work advances fundamental understanding of how quantum mechanics challenges traditional causal structures through data fusion paradigms.
Quantum nonclassicality from causal data fusion
arXiv:2405.19252v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Bell's theorem can be understood as establishing the incompatibility of quantum correlations with any classical causal explanation. Causal inference, however, relies not only on passive observations but also on interventions. Here we ask when the observational and interventional data collected on a given causal structure can all be reproduced by a single classical causal model, which is a particular instance of the data fusion problem in causal inference [Bareinboim and Pearl, PNAS 113, 7345 (2016)]. We show that quantum systems give rise to a new form of nonclassicality in this setting, namely: when the data tables associated with each (non)intervention paradigm admit classical explanations, but no single classical model explains the different intervention paradigms when considered jointly. We call this nonclassicality in the synthesis of the data fusion. We assess the prevalence of such fusion by partitioning all marginalized causal structures over three observed variables into exactly two categories: those which can and those which cannot exhibit such nonclassicality. For all those that can, we present explicit quantum violations of the associated causal inequalities.
Abstract:Bell's theorem can be understood as establishing the incompatibility of quantum correlations with any classical causal explanation. Causal inference, however, relies not only on passive observations but also on interventions. Here we ask when the observational and interventional data collected on a given causal structure can all be reproduced by a single classical causal model, which is a particular instance of the data fusion problem in causal inference [Bareinboim and Pearl, PNAS 113, 7345 (2016)]. We show that quantum systems give rise to a new form of nonclassicality in this setting, namely: when the data tables associated with each (non)intervention paradigm admit classical explanations, but no single classical model explains the different intervention paradigms when considered jointly. We call this nonclassicality in the synthesis of the data fusion. We assess the prevalence of such fusion by partitioning all marginalized causal structures over three observed variables into exactly two categories: those which can and those which cannot exhibit such nonclassicality. For all those that can, we present explicit quantum violations of the associated causal inequalities.
21 pages, 19 figures. v2: substantially revised and expanded; incorporates and supersedes arXiv:2405.19278, which is withdrawn
arXiv:2405.19252 [quant-ph]
(or arXiv:2405.19252v2 [quant-ph] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.19252 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
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