Quantum metasurfaces as probes of vacuum particle content

arXiv:2503.03838v5 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The quantum vacuum of the electromagnetic field is inherently entangled across distinct spatial sub-regions, resulting in entangled particle content across these sub-regions. However accessing this particle content in a controlled laboratory experiment has remained out of experimental reach. Here, we analyse the feasibility of witnessing such vacuum effects with highly non-perturbative boundary condition changes with a quantum metasurface made from a two-dimensional sub-wavelength atomic array. The array response to light is tunable between transmissive and reflective states by a control atom that is excited to a Rydberg state. We find that vacuum photon content from non-perturbative changes of the boundary conditions and therefore distinct spatial sub-regions of the vacuum causes subtle frequency shifts and analyse the accessibility to sub-wavelength atom array platforms. This novel approach to probing vacuum particle content leverages the unique ability to generate coherent dynamics in superpositions of transmissive and reflective states of the array reflectivity, providing a quantum-enhanced platform for observing vacuum particle creation driven by highly non-perturbative changes in the boundary conditions of the electromagnetic vacuum.

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