Quantum Advantage in Sensing and Imaging through Coherent Nuisance Suppression

arXiv:2611.05868v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Many sensing and imaging problems must contend with unknown nuisance parameters such as aberrations, background fields, and drift, and the cost of removing these noise sources can dominate the sample budget. In contrast to classical receivers, a quantum receiver can processes samples jointly to directly access observables in which common nuisance is suppressed. We introduce a relational Fourier sampling algorithm for optimal, source-independent imaging with a programmable quantum camera, which uses quantum pixels and a quantum computer to capture and process photon states. We demonstrate its relevance for general astronomical imaging as well as super-resolution and transient-object tracking through drifting atmospheric turbulence. A quantum camera that resolves an optical wavefront across $2^q$ spatial modes using $q$ receiving qubits, with a full-rank and strongly-correlated nuisance over those modes, can yield an exponential sample-complexity reduction of $\exp[\Omega(2^q)]$. For typical seeing conditions at leading ground-based observatories, we predict more than three orders of magnitude fewer photons to resolve point-source positions using only 15 processing qubits and a depth-9 circuit. Our work identifies coherent nuisance suppression as a novel mechanism for provable quantum advantage with direct relevance to many sensing tasks.