Pro-Bench: Prompt-Robust Open-Vocabulary Visual Grounding Across Real-World Heterogeneous Environments

Abstract:Open-vocabulary visual grounding enables robots to localise task-relevant entities from natural-language queries without dependence on predefined perceptual taxonomies. However, existing benchmarks largely rely on short category labels and web-scraped imagery, leaving it unclear whether open-vocabulary models can robustly ground diverse queries and visual conditions under real deployments. We introduce \textbf{Pro-Bench}, a prompt-conditioned benchmark for open-vocabulary visual grounding in heterogeneous, real-world environments. Pro-Bench includes $13k+$ RGB frames from independent robotic domains (subterranean, industrial, indoor, outdoor, urban), with $74.5k$ manual instance annotations and $515$ target queries covering categorical, attributive, relational, affordance, state, part-whole, negative, and compositional semantics. We benchmarked $16$ open-vocabulary model configurations in strict zero-shot inference, measuring localisation accuracy across IoU thresholds, end-to-end inference latency, prompt-induced performance variation, and target recovery consistency. Our results show that prompt-robustness is strongly architecture-dependent. Most model configurations ($10/16$) perform best with short category labels, whereas free-form queries yield the highest accuracy for only one. Moreover, similar aggregate mAP can conceal substantial differences in consistent target recovery across reformulations. Pro-Bench enables systematic evaluation of these gaps and supports prompt-robust visual grounding. Pro-Bench: this https URL.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Robotics (cs.RO)

arXiv:2609.27076 [cs.CV]

(or arXiv:2609.27076v1 [cs.CV] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.27076 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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