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This research advances solid-state quantum sensing by demonstrating high-fidelity optical readout of large ensembles of carbon-13 nuclear spins in diamond. The technique leverages Nitrogen-Vacancy centers to achieve significant fluorescence contrast and coherence times suitable for inertial sensing and fundamental physics experiments in low magnetic fields. These findings highlight a promising pathway for scaling coherent spin systems using natural isotopic abundance materials.
Optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon-13 in bulk diamond
arXiv:2605.00152v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Precision measurements based on optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance offer exquisite sensitivity to absolute shifts in spin transition frequencies, with potential applications in fundamental physics experiments and inertial sensing. We investigate 13C nuclear spins in diamond as a candidate system for solid-state implementations, which hold the promise for high-fidelity readout of large numbers of coherent nuclear spins in millitesla or lower magnetic fields. We demonstrate a technique that allows for both optical polarization and readout of large ensembles of ~10^{16} polarized nuclear spins. Our method takes advantage of state-selective Landau-Zener transitions under microwave frequency sweeping, which bidirectionally transfer spin polarization between Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) electron spins and remote 13C nuclear spins. Using natural isotopic abundance diamonds with nitrogen densities of ~0.5-10 ppm, we perform optically-detected 13C Ramsey spectroscopy and realize a nuclear-spin-dependent fluorescence contrast exceeding 0.5% peak-to-peak. We observe nuclear spin dephasing times T2*~2 ms that only modestly improve with homonuclear dipolar decoupling, indicating that they are limited by the longitudinal spin relaxation of nearby NV electron spins. We study the magnetic field dependence of the optical readout and find comparable contrast and dephasing times for magnetic fields in the range 8-20 mT. Our method can be interpreted as a type of repetitive readout, where each NV center optically reads out the spin state of ~10^2 nuclei before nuclear spins depolarize.
Authors:Maxwell D. Aiello, Janis Smits, Yaser Silani, Andris Berzins, David Lidsky, Bryan A. Richards, Amilcar Jeronimo Perez, Chandrasekhar Ramanathan, Sebastián C. Carrasco, Jabir Chathanathil, Michael Goerz, Vladimir S. Malinovsky, Dmitry Budker, Sean Lourette, Andrey Jarmola, Victor M. Acosta
Abstract:Precision measurements based on optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance offer exquisite sensitivity to absolute shifts in spin transition frequencies, with potential applications in fundamental physics experiments and inertial sensing. We investigate 13C nuclear spins in diamond as a candidate system for solid-state implementations, which hold the promise for high-fidelity readout of large numbers of coherent nuclear spins in millitesla or lower magnetic fields. We demonstrate a technique that allows for both optical polarization and readout of large ensembles of ~10^{16} polarized nuclear spins. Our method takes advantage of state-selective Landau-Zener transitions under microwave frequency sweeping, which bidirectionally transfer spin polarization between Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) electron spins and remote 13C nuclear spins. Using natural isotopic abundance diamonds with nitrogen densities of ~0.5-10 ppm, we perform optically-detected 13C Ramsey spectroscopy and realize a nuclear-spin-dependent fluorescence contrast exceeding 0.5% peak-to-peak. We observe nuclear spin dephasing times T2*~2 ms that only modestly improve with homonuclear dipolar decoupling, indicating that they are limited by the longitudinal spin relaxation of nearby NV electron spins. We study the magnetic field dependence of the optical readout and find comparable contrast and dephasing times for magnetic fields in the range 8-20 mT. Our method can be interpreted as a type of repetitive readout, where each NV center optically reads out the spin state of ~10^2 nuclei before nuclear spins depolarize.
Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph); Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det); Optics (physics.optics)
arXiv:2605.00152 [quant-ph]
(or arXiv:2605.00152v3 [quant-ph] for this version)
Full text under the publisher's open licence · 283 words
