OpenMTB-Audit: Exposing Over-Refusal and Clinical Expert Perspectives in LLM-Based Molecular Tumor Board Safety Evaluation

Abstract:Molecular tumor boards integrate genomic findings, clinical context, and therapeutic evidence to support precision oncology. As AI enters this workflow, a key safety challenge is distinguishing truly unsupported recommendations from evidence-supported options that still require oncologist review because of incomplete information, poor ECOG performance status, or other clinical caveats. We introduce OpenMTB-Audit, an open-source benchmark of 500 synthetic non-small cell lung cancer cases spanning five adversarial error categories and four safety labels: Supported, Partially Supported, Unsupported, and Insufficient Information. Across eight large language model configurations, we identify pervasive over-refusal: all LLM configurations failed to retain the Partially Supported label in 83.3-100% of true Partially Supported cases, achieving high aggregate safety scores through label collapse rather than clinically calibrated reasoning. To address this limitation, we developed MTB-AuditAgent, a deterministic seven-module framework separating evidence verification, missing-information detection, safety classification, and abstention. It reduces over-refusal to 6.7% and achieves 91.2% accuracy (95% CI: 88.6-93.6%). A two-oncologist annotation study found disagreement concentrated at the boundary between information sufficiency and treatment optimization, underscoring the need to preserve clinically meaningful distinctions.

Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2610.01497 [cs.AI]

(or arXiv:2610.01497v1 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.01497 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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