On the Origins of Varying Gauge Couplings

Abstract:Variations in the gauge couplings of the Standard Model have been searched for experimentally and proposed as solutions to open questions in fundamental physics. Varying gauge couplings can arise from a dynamical scalar field coupled to the gauge kinetic term. This mechanism has been invoked extensively, assuming a minimal linear coupling of the scalar to the gauge bosons. In this work, we investigate how this operator is generated from the ultraviolet perspective. We argue that in weakly coupled, renormalizable completions in four spacetime dimensions, gauge invariance forces the leading dependence of the effective gauge coupling on the scalar to be logarithmic rather than linear. The gauge coupling evolution in these scenarios can be entirely described by the renormalization-group running with dynamical mass thresholds. Beyond leading order or four dimensions, we provide examples showing that more general behavior is possible. Finally, we discuss the phenomenological implications of dynamically evolving gauge couplings, particularly in early-universe settings.

arXiv:2608.18203 [hep-ph]

(or arXiv:2608.18203v1 [hep-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.18203 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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