On the Computational Power of Geometrically Local QAC circuits

Abstract:The computational power of $\mathsf{QAC}$, which are constant-depth quantum circuit families consisting of arbitrary single-qubit unitaries and n-qubit generalized Toffoli gates, has gained tremendous focus recently. In this work, we initiate the study of the computational complexity of geometrically local $\mathsf{QAC}$ circuits, where the qubits are arranged in a high-dimensional grid, and all the generalized Toffoli gates act on contiguous qubits along one direction. We prove that $\mathsf{2D\text{-}QAC}$ circuits are universal: any $\mathsf{QAC}$ circuit can be exactly simulated by a two-dimensional geometrically local $\mathsf{QAC}$ circuit. Therefore, we focus on the computational power of $\mathsf{2D\text{-}QAC}$ circuits with grid width $w$. We prove that $\mathsf{PARITY}$ computation has a tight width--depth tradeoff of $w=n^{\Theta(1/d)}$ in the constant-depth regime if the circuit allows arbitrary ancilla. Moreover, for polynomial-size circuits, a width lower bound of $n^{\omega(1/d)}$ for $\mathsf{PARITY}$ would imply $\mathsf{PARITY}\notin\mathsf{QAC}^0$. We also establish Fourier tail and sensitivity bounds, together with tight width lower bounds and tight depth lower bounds in $\mathsf{1D\text{-}QAC}$ circuits for $\mathsf{MAJORITY}$ and $\mathsf{MOD}$ computation. Our main tool is \emph{local measurement variance}, the maximum variance of normalized sums of observables on separated regions. We use a hybrid argument to show that each layer of a $\mathsf{2D\text{-}QAC}^0$ circuit increases this variance by at most a factor depending only on its width, yielding a variance bound for every $\mathsf{2D\text{-}QAC}^0$ state. The high local measurement variance of cat and Dicke states then gives the width lower bounds.

arXiv:2604.07178 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2604.07178v2 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.07178 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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