Metasurface quantum graphs for polarization-independent certified randomness

Abstract:Quantum random number generators are crucial for information security, yet existing implementations are hindered by bulky optics, device imperfections, and state alignment constraints. Here, using a compact metasurface platform, we achieve polarization-independent certified randomness by establishing a quantitative quantum graph framework. By mapping multi-channel nanophotonic responses onto graph vertices, we assign metasurface measurements an operational information-theoretic meaning, directly connecting weighted graph degrees to conditional min-entropy estimation. The resulting graph-certified measurements yield robust private randomness even under entanglement-based attacks without complex optics. Experimentally, we fabricate 4- and 6-channel dielectric metasurfaces to implement high-dimensional positive operator-valued measure graphs, successfully certifying randomness with heralded single photons and Poissonian light. By integrating complex quantum measurements into a single passive layer, our metasurface quantum graphs provide a scalable route for integrated quantum technologies.

Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Optics (physics.optics)

arXiv:2610.16286 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2610.16286v1 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.16286 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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