Logical-Space Theory of Ordered-Statistics Decoding for Quantum LDPC Codes

arXiv:2610.24503v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Quantum decoding succeeds when a correction matches the logical class of the error, whereas ordered-statistics decoding (OSD) searches a finite list of physical corrections. We connect these spaces through a rank-$k$ logical-signature map $M_{\rm log}:\mathbb F_2^q\to\mathbb F_2^k$. For fixed, error-independent orderings it yields the exact logical-signature distribution, the OSD-0 logical error rate, and the logical-class coverage of any fixed list. For minimum-cost list decoding we prove $P_L=P_{\rm miss}+P_{\rm sel}$, separating absent-class from wrong-selection failures. Hypergraph-product and bivariate-bicycle codes are consistent with the coverage predictions. On the $[\![144,12,12]\!]$ gross code, 672 coverage-aware candidates outperform 899 combination-sweep candidates (paired McNemar $p=0.013$), while two lists with identical logical coverage give $P_L=11.30\%$ and $3.78\%$; the signature-based coverage compression persists across 30 random column orderings. Logical coverage and within-class representative selection are therefore complementary resources that candidate count alone does not capture. The framework guides OSD list construction and compression by identifying coverage requirements and distinguishing coverage losses from failures of representative selection.