Local AI pre-screening for human triple-blind peer review in health sciences

Abstract:Academic peer review is under mounting strain: NeurIPS 2025 received 21,575 submissions, ICLR 2025 received 11,603, and ICML 2025 received 12,107. This volume has outpaced the supply of qualified reviewers, and large language models (LLMs) are already filling the gap, largely undisclosed. An independent analysis of ICLR 2026 found roughly 21% of its 75,800 peer reviews were fully AI-generated, with over half showing some AI involvement (up from 15.8% in 2024). Documented risks include hallucinated citations in accepted papers and hidden prompt-injection instructions embedded in manuscripts to manipulate AI reviewers into favorable assessments. We propose a triple-blind, multi-LLM pre-screening framework for peer review, developed for a health sciences journal, that formalizes and discloses AI involvement while preserving human reviewers as the final decision-making authority. The framework routes a submission through five stages -- sanitization/anonymization, parallel AI pre-screening, an automated check gate, blinded human review, and editorial adjudication -- with return-to-author loops at the check and editor stages. Addressing the confidentiality concerns behind NIH/NSF bans on submitting unpublished proposals to third-party generative AI, all three AI reviewers run on locally-hosted, open-weight LLMs, keeping manuscript content within the journal infrastructure. The closest precedent, Shen et al., benchmarked five open-source LLMs on quartile classification of 200 manuscripts and found accuracy insufficient (35% exact-match) for autonomous use, supporting our decision to retain mandatory human adjudication. This transparent, human-supervised design offers a defensible alternative to today's opaque, unregulated AI use in peer review, potentially reducing the substantial delay of traditional review (avg. 13 weeks to first decision) without displacing human judgment.

Computers and Society (cs.CY); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Digital Libraries (cs.DL)

arXiv:2608.14625 [cs.CY]

(or arXiv:2608.14625v1 [cs.CY] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.14625 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21365017 Focus to learn more DOI(s) linking to related resources

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