LLJ Cards: Best practices for the Use of LLMs as Judges

arXiv:2609.24516v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a popular alternative for evaluation. Often referred to as LLMs as judges (LLJs), these systems have been widely adopted by researchers and practitioners across a broad range of measurement tasks, driven by their strong performance, scalability, and cost-effectiveness relative to human judgment. However, a growing body of work has shown that the use of LLJs raise concerns about their validity and reliability as evaluators. Existing efforts to address these challenges have largely focused on developing bias-mitigation techniques and refining prompting strategies. While these approaches represent an important step forward, they primarily offer technical fixes and leave a more fundamental challenge unaddressed: the lack of standardized, transparent, and reproducible evaluation practices. In this paper, we introduce LLJ Cards, a framework that synthesizes best practices from measurement theory, natural language generation, and machine learning literature into practical guidelines for LLJ-based evaluations. While LLJs offer a promising path toward scalable evaluation, their effective use requires grounding in rigorous evaluation principles to ensure validity, reliability, and reproducibility. LLJ Cards addresses this need by providing a structured framework for applying these principles in the design and reporting of automated evaluations.

Abstract:In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a popular alternative for evaluation. Often referred to as LLMs as judges (LLJs), these systems have been widely adopted by researchers and practitioners across a broad range of measurement tasks, driven by their strong performance, scalability, and cost-effectiveness relative to human judgment. However, a growing body of work has shown that the use of LLJs raise concerns about their validity and reliability as evaluators. Existing efforts to address these challenges have largely focused on developing bias-mitigation techniques and refining prompting strategies. While these approaches represent an important step forward, they primarily offer technical fixes and leave a more fundamental challenge unaddressed: the lack of standardized, transparent, and reproducible evaluation practices. In this paper, we introduce LLJ Cards, a framework that synthesizes best practices from measurement theory, natural language generation, and machine learning literature into practical guidelines for LLJ-based evaluations. While LLJs offer a promising path toward scalable evaluation, their effective use requires grounding in rigorous evaluation principles to ensure validity, reliability, and reproducibility. LLJ Cards addresses this need by providing a structured framework for applying these principles in the design and reporting of automated evaluations.

Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2609.24516 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2609.24516v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.24516 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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LLJ Cards: Best practices for the Use of LLMs as Judges

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