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This paper outlines a roadmap for scaling quantum systems from hundreds to millions of qubits by integrating semiconductor fabrication techniques with distributed heterogeneous computing architectures. It provides critical resource estimates for utility-scale applications like quantum chemistry and catalyst design, demonstrating that significant performance gains are achievable through tight integration between hardware improvements and classical high-performance computing. The analysis addresses the fundamental engineering hurdles required to transition quantum computation from small-scale demonstrations to a full-stack scalable technology.
How to Build a Quantum Supercomputer: Scaling from Hundreds to Millions of Qubits
arXiv:2411.10406v4 Announce Type: replace Abstract: In the span of four decades, quantum computation has evolved from an intellectual curiosity to a potentially realizable technology. Today, small-scale demonstrations have become possible for quantum algorithmic primitives on hundreds of physical qubits. Nevertheless, there are significant outstanding challenges in quantum hardware, fabrication, software architecture, and algorithms on the path towards a full-stack scalable quantum computing technology. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these scaling challenges. We show how to facilitate scaling by adopting existing semiconductor technology to build much higher-quality qubits, employing systems engineering approaches, and performing distributed heterogeneous quantum-classical computing. We provide a detailed resource and sensitivity analysis for quantum applications on surface-code error-corrected quantum computers given current, target, and desired hardware specifications based on superconducting qubits, accounting for a realistic distribution of errors. We provide comprehensive resource estimates for several utility-scale applications including quantum chemistry calculations, catalyst design, NMR spectroscopy, and Fermi-Hubbard simulation. We show that orders of magnitude enhancement in performance could be obtained by a combination of hardware improvements and tight quantum-HPC integration. Furthermore, we introduce high-performance architectures for quantum-probabilistic computing with custom-designed accelerators to tackle today's industry-scale classical optimization, machine learning, and quantum simulation tasks in a cost-effective manner.
Authors:Masoud Mohseni, Artur Scherer, K. Grace Johnson, Oded Wertheim, Matthew Otten, Namit Anand, Navid Anjum Aadit, Yuri Alexeev, Gilad Ben-Shach, Kirk M. Bresniker, Kerem Y. Camsari, Barbara Chapman, Soumitra Chatterjee, Shuvro Chowdhury, Gebremedhin A. Dagnew, Tom Dvir, Aniello Esposito, Farah Fahim, Michael Ferguson, Marco Fiorentino, Archit Gajjar, Katerina Gratsea, Gaurav Gyawali, Christian Heiter, Ali H. Z. Kavaki, Abdullah Khalid, Xiangzhou Kong, Bohdan Kulchytskyy, Elica Kyoseva, Ruoyu Li, P. Aaron Lott, Igor L. Markov, Robert F. McDermott, Lucas Morais, Giacomo Pedretti, Pooja Rao, Eleanor Rieffel, Allyson Silva, John Sorebo, Panagiotis Spentzouris, Ziv Steiner, Boyan Torosov, Davide Venturelli, Robert J. Visser, Zak Webb, Xin Zhan, Yonatan Cohen, Pooya Ronagh, Alan Ho, Raymond G. Beausoleil, John M. Martinis
Abstract:In the span of four decades, quantum computation has evolved from an intellectual curiosity to a potentially realizable technology. Today, small-scale demonstrations have become possible for quantum algorithmic primitives on hundreds of physical qubits. Nevertheless, there are significant outstanding challenges in quantum hardware, fabrication, software architecture, and algorithms on the path towards a full-stack scalable quantum computing technology. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these scaling challenges. We show how to facilitate scaling by adopting existing semiconductor technology to build much higher-quality qubits, employing systems engineering approaches, and performing distributed heterogeneous quantum-classical computing. We provide a detailed resource and sensitivity analysis for quantum applications on surface-code error-corrected quantum computers given current, target, and desired hardware specifications based on superconducting qubits, accounting for a realistic distribution of errors. We provide comprehensive resource estimates for several utility-scale applications including quantum chemistry calculations, catalyst design, NMR spectroscopy, and Fermi-Hubbard simulation. We show that orders of magnitude enhancement in performance could be obtained by a combination of hardware improvements and tight quantum-HPC integration. Furthermore, we introduce high-performance architectures for quantum-probabilistic computing with custom-designed accelerators to tackle today's industry-scale classical optimization, machine learning, and quantum simulation tasks in a cost-effective manner.
92 pages, 53 figures. General revision, added new sections, added figures, added references, added appendices
Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
arXiv:2411.10406 [quant-ph]
(or arXiv:2411.10406v4 [quant-ph] for this version)
Full text under the publisher's open licence · 353 words
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