How AI Assistants Respond to Repeated Abuse

Abstract:AI assistants are expected to remain useful during difficult interactions, but little is known about how repeated verbal abuse changes their engagement with an otherwise benign task. We contribute a bilingual, multi-turn framework that separates hard disengagement, an unconditional statement of noncontinuation with no stated route to resume, from soft withdrawal, continued availability, observable task-related work, and boundary setting. Each of eight time-specific API configurations contributed 48 escalation conversations and eight smaller constant-frustration comparisons, giving 448 five-turn conversations, 2,240 responses, and 6,720 metadata-blinded model judgments. Primary results use the sustained-abuse endpoint of the 48 escalation conversations per configuration. Hard disengagement ranged from 0/48 in four configurations to 24/48 (50.0%) for Gemini 3.1 Pro, with strong configuration-associated heterogeneity (matched-label Monte Carlo p = 0.00001). GPT-5.6 Sol produced hard-disengagement labels in 15/48 (31.2%) endpoints, whereas Claude Fable 5 produced none and yielded 42/48 (87.5%) soft-withdrawal labels. Aggregate hard-disengagement rates were similar in English and Chinese (30/192 versus 32/192), although configuration-specific directions varied. Availability also differed from task-related work: Claude Opus 4.8 and Claude Fable 5 remained explicitly available in 48/48 endpoints while providing observable task-related work in only 8/48 and 7/48. Human coding was used to evaluate measurement quality. The results show why a single refusal label cannot capture whether an assistant leaves, pauses, preserves a route back, sets a boundary, or still performs substantive work.

Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2609.17547 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2609.17547v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.17547 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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