High Volatility and Action Bias Distinguish LLMs from Humans in Group Coordination

Abstract:Humans exhibit remarkable abilities to coordinate in groups. As large language models (LLMs) become more capable, it remains an open question whether they can demonstrate comparable adaptive coordination and whether they use the same strategies as humans. To better understand this, we compare LLM and human performance on a common-interest game with imperfect monitoring: Group Binary Search. In this $n$-player game, participants need to coordinate their actions to achieve a common objective. Players independently submit numerical values in an effort to collectively sum to a randomly assigned target number. Without direct communication, they rely on group feedback to iteratively adjust their submissions until they reach the target number. Our findings show that, unlike humans who adapt and stabilize their behavior over time, LLMs often fail to improve across games and exhibit excessive switching, which impairs group convergence. Moreover, richer feedback (e.g., numerical error magnitude) benefits humans substantially but has small effects on LLMs. Finally, we show that GRPO can be effective in reducing the excessive switching. Taken together, by grounding the analysis in human baselines and mechanism-level metrics, including reactivity scaling, switching dynamics, and learning across games, we point to differences in human and LLM groups and provide a behaviorally grounded diagnostic for closing the coordination gap.

47 pages. Accepted at COLM 2026; revised version including GRPO fine-tuning experiments

Multiagent Systems (cs.MA); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT)

arXiv:2604.02578 [cs.MA]

(or arXiv:2604.02578v2 [cs.MA] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.02578 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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