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This research presents a deterministic method for generating three-mode NOON states using heralding techniques to avoid the destructive post-selection common in linear optical quantum information. By achieving high fidelity and genuine multipartite entanglement with low resource overhead, this work advances practical applications in quantum communication, computation, and metrology without requiring intrinsic photon-photon interactions.
Heralded generation of a three-mode NOON state
arXiv:2512.08458v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Entangled states of photons form the foundation of quantum communication, computation, and metrology. Yet their generation remains fundamentally constrained: in the absence of intrinsic photon-photon interactions, the generation of such states is inherently probabilistic rather than deterministic. The prevalent technique of post-selection verifies the creation of an entangled state by detecting and thus destroying it. Heralding offers a solution in which measuring ancillary photons in auxiliary modes signals the state generation without the need to measure it. Here, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a scheme to generate a three-mode two-photon NOON state, where the detection of a single photon in one heralding mode signifies the presence of the state in three target modes. We validate the generated state by estimating a fidelity of 0.823 +/- 0.018 with respect to an ideal three-mode NOON state and certifying genuine multipartite entanglement. By virtue of the high success probability and small resource overhead of our scheme, our work provides a theoretical and experimental stepping stone for entangled multi-mode state generation, which is realizable with current technology. These multi-mode entangled states represent a key direction for linear optical quantum information that is complementary to multi-qubit state encoding.
Authors:Sukhjit P. Singh, Elnaz Bazzazi, Diego N. Bernal-García, Simon White, Hassan Jamal Latief, Alison Goldingay, Sven Rogge, Sergei Slussarenko, Farzad Ghafari, Emanuele Polino, Nora Tischler
Abstract:Entangled states of photons form the foundation of quantum communication, computation, and metrology. Yet their generation remains fundamentally constrained: in the absence of intrinsic photon-photon interactions, the generation of such states is inherently probabilistic rather than deterministic. The prevalent technique of post-selection verifies the creation of an entangled state by detecting and thus destroying it. Heralding offers a solution in which measuring ancillary photons in auxiliary modes signals the state generation without the need to measure it. Here, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a scheme to generate a three-mode two-photon NOON state, where the detection of a single photon in one heralding mode signifies the presence of the state in three target modes. We validate the generated state by estimating a fidelity of 0.823 +/- 0.018 with respect to an ideal three-mode NOON state and certifying genuine multipartite entanglement. By virtue of the high success probability and small resource overhead of our scheme, our work provides a theoretical and experimental stepping stone for entangled multi-mode state generation, which is realizable with current technology. These multi-mode entangled states represent a key direction for linear optical quantum information that is complementary to multi-qubit state encoding.
arXiv:2512.08458 [quant-ph]
(or arXiv:2512.08458v2 [quant-ph] for this version)
Full text under the publisher's open licence · 226 words
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