From coherence to mixedness: a driver of barren plateaus in variational quantum algorithms

Abstract:Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are a leading approach for near-term quantum advantage. However, their training is often hindered by barren plateaus (BPs). We present a framework based on observational entropy. The framework separates the coherent part of a quantum state from its incoherent part. We define the coherence fraction $\eta$ as the ratio of coherent to total contribution. This quantity measures how much of the coherence capacity is in a usable form. Using a 4-qubit Ising model and a hardware-efficient ansatz, we show that $\eta$ decreases monotonically during optimization, while the coherence capacity remains nearly constant. Our results show that $\eta$ provides an early indication of gradient collapse. It outperforms conventional diagnostics such as the gradient norm and entanglement entropy. This work offers a resource-theoretic explanation for BPs. It also provides a basis for real-time monitoring of coherence loss on noisy devices.

arXiv:2511.22350 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2511.22350v5 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2511.22350 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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