Exploring Weaknesses of Generative Image Watermarks against Latent Frequency Masking

Abstract:Invisible watermarking has become a central tool for tracing AI-generated images, but its robustness against adaptive removal attacks remains an open security question. We introduce Latent Frequency Masking, an attack that erases watermark evidence by replacing selected Fourier coefficients in the latent representation of a watermarked image. The replacement can be sampled from Gaussian noise for efficiency or derived from diffusion regeneration for improved image preservation. We provide a theoretical distortion bound relating the change between the reconstructed adversarial image and the masked latent-frequency perturbation. We evaluate the proposed attack against six diffusion watermarking methods on images generated from DiffusionDB and MS-COCO prompts. Latent Frequency Masking removes or substantially weakens several watermarks while preserving perceptual quality and achieving favorable runtime compared with existing attacks. These results identify latent-frequency manipulation as a practical attack surface and highlight the need to include such attacks in robustness evaluations of generative image watermarking.

This work has been accepted for publication at IEEE ICDM 2026 conference. The final published version will be available via IEEE Xplore

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Multimedia (cs.MM)

arXiv:2610.02010 [cs.CV]

(or arXiv:2610.02010v1 [cs.CV] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.02010 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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