Evaluating the Representation Space of Diffusion Models via Self-Supervised Principles

Abstract:Diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable generative capabilities and have also emerged as powerful self-supervised representation learners, yet the connection between these two abilities remains less explored. Drawing inspiration from self-supervised learning (SSL), we introduce a framework for jointly evaluating the representation and generation capabilities of diffusion models. Specifically, we decompose features into invariant and residual components and derive the Invariant Contamination Ratio (ICR), a Fisher-based metric that quantifies how residual variation contaminates invariant signal in feature space. We use this framework to analyze both discriminative and generative behavior of diffusion models. On the representation side, we find that invariance peaks at intermediate noise levels, which also yield the best downstream classification performance. On the generative side, we study how training transitions from genuine generalization to memorization in data-limited regimes, and show that ICR serves as a sensitive training-time indicator of early learning: increasing residual energy along Fisher directions marks the onset of memorization, detectable from training features alone without external evaluators or held-out test sets. Overall, our results show that diffusion models can be monitored from a self-supervised perspective through the geometry of their learned representations.

First two authors contributed equally. Accepted at ICML 2026

Machine Learning (cs.LG); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)

arXiv:2606.09718 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2606.09718v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.09718 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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