Epistemic diversity across language models mitigates knowledge collapse

arXiv:2512.15011v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly generates the very content used to train future AI systems. This feedback loop can degrade model quality, reduce informational diversity, and ultimately drive knowledge collapse, i.e. a degradation to a narrow and inaccurate set of ideas. We ask: to mitigate collapse, is it better to concentrate the internet's knowledge into a handful of dominant models (referred to as an AI monoculture), or to distribute it across a diverse ecosystem of models? To study the effect of diversity on model performance, we randomly segment the fixed training data across an increasing number of language models and evaluate the resulting ecosystems of models over ten self-training iterations. Our results show that diversity improves long-term performance of models, while monoculture accelerates collapse. Specifically, we observe that the optimal diversity level (i.e., the level that maximizes performance) increases monotonically with the number of self-training iterations. The observed effect is robust across various experimental settings, including different model families, parameter sizes, mixing human- and model-generated data, and temperature sampling methods, demonstrating the significance of ecosystem diversity for mitigating collapse. Moreover, our experiments with increased model and dataset sizes indicate that scaling up the system can amplify collapse in homogeneous ecosystems, thereby increasing the diversity benefits. In the presence of AI monoculture, our results suggest considering information environments with specialized AI models that maintain and enhance diversity in knowledge production, akin to the benefits of ecological diversity in biology and social systems.

Abstract:Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly generates the very content used to train future AI systems. This feedback loop can degrade model quality, reduce informational diversity, and ultimately drive knowledge collapse, i.e. a degradation to a narrow and inaccurate set of ideas. We ask: to mitigate collapse, is it better to concentrate the internet's knowledge into a handful of dominant models (referred to as an AI monoculture), or to distribute it across a diverse ecosystem of models? To study the effect of diversity on model performance, we randomly segment the fixed training data across an increasing number of language models and evaluate the resulting ecosystems of models over ten self-training iterations. Our results show that diversity improves long-term performance of models, while monoculture accelerates collapse. Specifically, we observe that the optimal diversity level (i.e., the level that maximizes performance) increases monotonically with the number of self-training iterations. The observed effect is robust across various experimental settings, including different model families, parameter sizes, mixing human- and model-generated data, and temperature sampling methods, demonstrating the significance of ecosystem diversity for mitigating collapse. Moreover, our experiments with increased model and dataset sizes indicate that scaling up the system can amplify collapse in homogeneous ecosystems, thereby increasing the diversity benefits. In the presence of AI monoculture, our results suggest considering information environments with specialized AI models that maintain and enhance diversity in knowledge production, akin to the benefits of ecological diversity in biology and social systems.

30 pages, 21 figures. v3 changelog: updated introduction. v2 changelog: added experimental variations, updated theory, writing revisions, updated metadata

Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computers and Society (cs.CY); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA)

arXiv:2512.15011 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2512.15011v3 [cs.LG] for this version)

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Epistemic diversity across language models mitigates knowledge collapse

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