Emergent thermal fluctuations and non-Hermitian phase transitions in open photon condensates

arXiv:2603.21927v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Driven-dissipative Bose-Einstein condensates of photons in optical resonators have been shown theoretically to exist as a long-lived, yet metastable state stabilized by a ghost attractor, despite continuous driving [Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 053402 (2025)]. Here we analyze the properties of this metastable condensate as well as the relaxation dynamics into and out of this state by means of the Lindblad master-equation approach, treating the condensate and the equal-time, noncondensed fluctuations on the same footing. Despite its nonequilibrium origin, the quasistationary condensate exhibits thermal behavior in that the order-parameter fluctuations scale with system size as in thermodynamic equilibrium, and the photon-number distribution in multimode resonators is in excellent agreement with a Bose-Einstein distribution. A linear stability analysis further reveals the presence of several exceptional points, resulting in multiple non-Hermitian phase transitions associated with the relaxation dynamics into and out of the metastable condensate. These behaviors reconcile apparently contradictory experimental results.