EEGForceFusion: Joint Tokenised-Continuous Representation Learning for Subject-Independent Grasp Force Decoding

Abstract:Brain-machine interfaces provide a link between neural activity and external devices, enabling restoration of motor function and advancing human-machine interaction using non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG). However, continuous grasp force decoding remains challenging due to complex temporal dynamics, high inter-subject variability, and limited generalisation of existing approaches. To address this, we propose a hybrid EEG decoding framework that jointly models continuous and tokenised representations, enabling capture of both fine-grained neural structure and long-range temporal dependencies. The proposed approach integrates convolutional-recurrent representation learning, quantisation-based tokenisation, and transformer-based temporal modelling within a unified fusion-based regression architecture. Experimental evaluation on the WAY-EEG-GAL dataset under strict leave-one-subject-out conditions achieves $R^2$ = 0.817 in offline settings and $R^2$ = 0.793 in simulated real-time evaluation, with latency suitable for real-time deployment. These results demonstrate strong cross-subject generalisation and highlight the practicality of hybrid continuous-tokenised representations for real-time EEG-based force decoding in assistive robotics, neuro-rehabilitation, and human-machine interaction.

Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Emerging Technologies (cs.ET)

arXiv:2607.24126 [cs.HC]

(or arXiv:2607.24126v1 [cs.HC] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.24126 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)