Draining Fictitious Knots: Restoring Distance-Awareness Guarantees for High-Dimensional Spline Networks

Abstract:Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) with spline activations have recently shown promise for interpretable function approximation. Distance-Aware Error for Kolmogorov Networks (DAREK) introduces a computationally efficient bottom-up approach to uncertainty quantification by equipping KANs with distance-aware error bounds; yet, in high-dimensional settings, the theoretical guarantees can be weakened by the emergence of fictitious knots. Inspired by the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem, DAREK adopts a componentwise formulation in which each input dimension is treated separately; as a result, induced knot locations may appear in the combined input space without corresponding to actual training data. These fictitious knots mislead the DAREK uncertainty estimator into reporting low uncertainty far from any real observation, violating the distance-awareness guarantee. We identify this failure mode precisely, characterize its geometric structure, and propose a drainage uncertainty mechanism that restores distance-awareness by constructing a monotonically decreasing uncertainty path from any fictitious knot region toward the nearest real knot. The proposed drainage method provides a practical heuristic correction that mitigates the fictitious-knot failure mode while restoring theoretical distance-awareness in high-dimensional settings. Experiments on a 2D synthetic benchmark and a 100-dimensional face dataset show that drainage raises sampled distance-awareness (SDA) from 85% to 98-99%, matching Gaussian processes at lower computational cost.

Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2609.15274 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2609.15274v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.15274 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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