DPG loss functions for learning parameter-to-solution maps by neural networks

arXiv:2506.18773v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We develop, analyze, and experimentally explore residual-based loss functions for machine learning of parameter-to-solution maps in the context of parameter-dependent families of partial differential equations (PDEs). Our primary concern is on rigorous accuracy certification to enhance the prediction capability of the resulting deep neural network reduced models. This is achieved by the use of variationally correct loss functions. Through one specific example of an elliptic PDE, details for establishing the variational correctness of a loss function from an ultraweak Discontinuous Petrov Galerkin (DPG) discretization are worked out. Despite the focus on the example, the proposed concepts apply to a much wider scope of problems, namely problems for which stable DPG formulations are available. The issue of high-contrast diffusion fields and ensuing difficulties with degrading ellipticity are discussed. Both numerical results and theoretical arguments illustrate that for high-contrast diffusion parameters the proposed DPG loss functions deliver much more robust performance than simpler least-squares losses.

Abstract:We develop, analyze, and experimentally explore residual-based loss functions for machine learning of parameter-to-solution maps in the context of parameter-dependent families of partial differential equations (PDEs). Our primary concern is on rigorous accuracy certification to enhance the prediction capability of the resulting deep neural network reduced models. This is achieved by the use of variationally correct loss functions. Through one specific example of an elliptic PDE, details for establishing the variational correctness of a loss function from an ultraweak Discontinuous Petrov Galerkin (DPG) discretization are worked out. Despite the focus on the example, the proposed concepts apply to a much wider scope of problems, namely problems for which stable DPG formulations are available. The issue of high-contrast diffusion fields and ensuing difficulties with degrading ellipticity are discussed. Both numerical results and theoretical arguments illustrate that for high-contrast diffusion parameters the proposed DPG loss functions deliver much more robust performance than simpler least-squares losses.

44 pages. Accepted for publication in Computers & Mathematics with Applications

Numerical Analysis (math.NA); Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2506.18773 [math.NA]

(or arXiv:2506.18773v2 [math.NA] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.18773 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2026.09.005 Focus to learn more DOI(s) linking to related resources

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DPG loss functions for learning parameter-to-solution maps by neural networks

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