Direct Observation of Dipolar-Driven Anisotropic Quantum Projection Noise in a Solid-State Spin Ensemble

Authors:Tasuku Ono, Weijie Wu, Haopu Yang, Lillian B. Hughes Wyatt, Benjamin Brenner, Che Liu, Collin Fan, Chris R. Laumann, Jonathan N. Hallén, Emily J. Davis, Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich, Norman Y. Yao

Abstract:The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a prominent quantum-sensing platform. Combining readout at the quantum projection noise limit with strong dipolar interactions promises substantial gains in sensitivity. However, experimentally accessing this regime has remained a longstanding challenge. In this work, we demonstrate quantum-projection-noise-resolved readout of a strongly-interacting, two-dimensional ensemble of NV centers. Our approach leverages repetitive readout via the NV's intrinsic $^{15}$N nuclear memory at a moderate magnetic field ($\sim 0.3$ T), improving the readout fidelities by nearly an order of magnitude. This enables us to directly resolve the quantum projection noise of a coherent spin state and to watch the ensemble's intrinsic dipolar interactions shear this noise into an anisotropic profile. Our results open the door to direct measurements of spin squeezing and entanglement-enhanced sensing in the solid state.

Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)

arXiv:2609.16106 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2609.16106v1 [quant-ph] for this version)