Detecting LLM-Assisted Vietnamese Writing via Keystrokes under Behavioral Manipulation

arXiv:2610.07700v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We study the robustness of keystroke dynamics for detecting large language model (LLM)-assisted writing. We introduce a Vietnamese keystroke dataset capturing realistic writing modes, including bona fide composition, transcription, and paraphrasing. We also define a behaviorally grounded threat model in which users deliberately alter typing patterns. To implement the threat model, we create behaviorally manipulated variants of the data designed to evade keystroke-based detection. We evaluate four keystroke modeling approaches: temporal and rhythmic representations, and sequential representations modeled with a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and TypeNet, under user-independent and context-independent settings. The results show that sequential models outperform feature-based approaches in most cases and that keystroke signals encode discriminative information about the writing process. However, detection is not uniformly robust: transcription is reliably identified, while paraphrasing and adversarially manipulated samples are frequently misclassified as bona fide when not explicitly modeled. To address this, we incorporate adversarial training using behaviorally manipulated data, which substantially improves separability and robustness. These results suggest that keystroke-based detection depends critically on exposure to diverse writing behaviors, and that strong performance under limited conditions does not generalize to realistic or adversarial settings without targeted modeling.

Abstract:We study the robustness of keystroke dynamics for detecting large language model (LLM)-assisted writing. We introduce a Vietnamese keystroke dataset capturing realistic writing modes, including bona fide composition, transcription, and paraphrasing. We also define a behaviorally grounded threat model in which users deliberately alter typing patterns. To implement the threat model, we create behaviorally manipulated variants of the data designed to evade keystroke-based detection. We evaluate four keystroke modeling approaches: temporal and rhythmic representations, and sequential representations modeled with a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and TypeNet, under user-independent and context-independent settings. The results show that sequential models outperform feature-based approaches in most cases and that keystroke signals encode discriminative information about the writing process. However, detection is not uniformly robust: transcription is reliably identified, while paraphrasing and adversarially manipulated samples are frequently misclassified as bona fide when not explicitly modeled. To address this, we incorporate adversarial training using behaviorally manipulated data, which substantially improves separability and robustness. These results suggest that keystroke-based detection depends critically on exposure to diverse writing behaviors, and that strong performance under limited conditions does not generalize to realistic or adversarial settings without targeted modeling.

9 pages, 2 figures. Thanh Dong and An Ngo contributted equally. Accepted at the 2026 IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI 2026)

Computation and Language (cs.CL); Computers and Society (cs.CY)

arXiv:2610.07700 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2610.07700v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.07700 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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Detecting LLM-Assisted Vietnamese Writing via Keystrokes under Behavioral Manipulation

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