Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili

Abstract:Large language models are increasingly deployed in multilingual contexts, yet safety alignment and bias evaluation remain overwhelmingly English-centric. We investigate whether social biases generalise across languages by submitting 4,900 symmetric English--Swahili prompt pairs to GPT-5.2 and Gemini 2.5 Flash across nine demographic bias axes, yielding 19,600 completions evaluated for stereotype prevalence, sentiment, refusal behaviour, and cross-lingual semantic similarity. Our findings show that bias transforms rather than transfers: stereotype rates shifted by up to 12 percentage points on specific axes, Gemini's neutral-sentiment rate doubled in Swahili, and GPT-5.2 refused 169 prompts in English and zero in Swahili, consistent with refusal behaviour anchored to English-language surface forms at the behavioural level. Over 55% of prompt pairs produced semantically dissimilar completions across both models. These reinforce the idea that English-only bias audits do not produce adequate coverage for multilingual deployment.

Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2608.03532 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2608.03532v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.03532 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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