CALICO: A Human-Centered, Codebook-Aligned System for Annotation

Abstract:Large language models are increasingly used to scale codebook-based annotation in scientific research, but existing workflows provide limited support for translating domain experts' codebooks into reliable, revisable, and auditable prompts. Prompts are often treated as fixed instructions and hidden from annotators, making it difficult for non-technical domain experts to diagnose and correct model behavior when outputs violate codebook guidelines. In this paper, we present CALICO, a human-centered, codebook-aligned annotation workflow that treats prompts as editable, versioned, and optimizable artifacts. CALICO integrates codebook parsing, prompt generation, result inspection, prompt versioning, natural language human feedback, and label-supervised prompt optimization through existing optimizers such as GEPA, MIPROv2, and OPRO, together with our reflection-based optimizer, ReflectAgent. Empirically, we evaluate CALICO on domain-specific AI-companion chatbot conversation codebooks. Across evaluated dimensions, CALICO improves mean held-out performance by +13.0 and +7.4 absolute points for two coders, respectively. A coder-specificity analysis further suggests that optimized prompts capture coder-specific interpretations rather than only generic codebook clarification. CALICO runs as a web application that takes users from raw codebook materials to inspectable, exportable labels; the website, codebase, and live demo are released at this https URL under the Apache 2.0 License.

Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC); Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2609.14726 [cs.HC]

(or arXiv:2609.14726v1 [cs.HC] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.14726 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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