aiqbench analysis
This research proposes a federated learning framework that decouples personalized linear heads from a shared nonlinear representation to mitigate bias caused by heterogeneous client data. By employing Byzantine-robust aggregation on the shared representation layer, the method effectively isolates and minimizes adversarial influence without requiring knowledge of which clients are malicious. Theoretical bounds confirm that model heterogeneity does not introduce irreducible error, with performance improving as sample size or iteration count increases.
Byzantine-Robust Federated Representation Learning
arXiv:2609.36660v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We study federated learning (FL) with adversarial clients, where the goal is to minimize the average loss of the honest (non-adversarial) clients without knowing their identity. Under heterogeneity, a single shared model parameter is statistically inappropriate: it cannot capture the distinct data-generating processes across clients, incurring an irreducible model-heterogeneity bias and severely limiting robustness to adversarial clients (a.k.a. Byzantine-robustness). We address this problem through representation learning, where each client learns a personalized linear head, while collaboratively estimating a shared nonlinear representation through Byzantine-robust aggregation. We demonstrate that the heterogeneity among honest representation gradients is controlled by the representation error and statistical errors that decay either with the number of data samples per client ($\tau$) or the number of iterations ($T$). In particular, our non-asymptotic parameter recovery error bound reveals three terms: (i) an initialization-dependent error that goes away with $T$, (ii) finite-sample noise terms that decreases with $\tau$ and the number of honest clients, and (iii) a stochastic gradient variance term that also reduces with $T$. Importantly, with no irreducible model-heterogeneity bias in our bounds. We extend the regression analysis to multiclass classification, and empirically validate it on CIFAR-10, FEMNIST, and School Exam Score datasets.
Abstract:We study federated learning (FL) with adversarial clients, where the goal is to minimize the average loss of the honest (non-adversarial) clients without knowing their identity. Under heterogeneity, a single shared model parameter is statistically inappropriate: it cannot capture the distinct data-generating processes across clients, incurring an irreducible model-heterogeneity bias and severely limiting robustness to adversarial clients (a.k.a. Byzantine-robustness). We address this problem through representation learning, where each client learns a personalized linear head, while collaboratively estimating a shared nonlinear representation through Byzantine-robust aggregation. We demonstrate that the heterogeneity among honest representation gradients is controlled by the representation error and statistical errors that decay either with the number of data samples per client ($\tau$) or the number of iterations ($T$). In particular, our non-asymptotic parameter recovery error bound reveals three terms: (i) an initialization-dependent error that goes away with $T$, (ii) finite-sample noise terms that decreases with $\tau$ and the number of honest clients, and (iii) a stochastic gradient variance term that also reduces with $T$. Importantly, with no irreducible model-heterogeneity bias in our bounds. We extend the regression analysis to multiclass classification, and empirically validate it on CIFAR-10, FEMNIST, and School Exam Score datasets.
Machine Learning (cs.LG); Optimization and Control (math.OC)
arXiv:2609.36660 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2609.36660v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.36660 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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