aiqbench analysis
This research advances neural combinatorial optimization by enabling frozen model representations to guide prescriptive interventions for routing problems, offering a cost-effective alternative to exhaustive re-solving for counterfactual analysis. By leveraging these learned features to rank candidate actions like stop removal or transition preservation, the approach significantly outperforms traditional local-repair heuristics on real-road benchmarks. The work demonstrates that models trained primarily for route construction can effectively transfer their internal knowledge to support complex decision-making under constraints.
Beyond Solving: Prescriptive Probing for Neural Routing Solvers
arXiv:2602.07216v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) trains fast heuristics for routing problems, but planners often need more than a single solve: they ask which stop to drop, which transition to preserve, or which subset of stops to remove if a route is infeasible. Answering such counterfactual questions by re-solving each candidate is expensive even when the action set is small. We introduce Prescriptive Probing: using the frozen representations of a trained NCO model to rank candidate interventions for what-if decision support. While recent interpretability work descriptively probes what NCO solvers encode, we ask whether those same representations can prescriptively guide intervention choices on real-road routing problems. Where exhaustive labels are available, we train supervised probes from offline re-solve labels; where they are not (e.g., combinatorial action spaces), we train a lightweight reinforcement learning intervention head. Across real-road benchmarks on the Asymmetric Traveling Salesperson Problem and Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, probes built on frozen model representations achieve the strongest performance on a majority of intervention tasks and improve over local-repair heuristics on edge-forbiddance and on key node- and multi-node-removal metrics. We further investigate probeability as a property of the routing model itself, varying model quality, the mix of supervised learning and reinforcement learning, and the architecture family. Overall, our results suggest a new use case for NCO solvers: representations learned for route construction can transfer to decision support.
Abstract:Neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) trains fast heuristics for routing problems, but planners often need more than a single solve: they ask which stop to drop, which transition to preserve, or which subset of stops to remove if a route is infeasible. Answering such counterfactual questions by re-solving each candidate is expensive even when the action set is small. We introduce Prescriptive Probing: using the frozen representations of a trained NCO model to rank candidate interventions for what-if decision support. While recent interpretability work descriptively probes what NCO solvers encode, we ask whether those same representations can prescriptively guide intervention choices on real-road routing problems. Where exhaustive labels are available, we train supervised probes from offline re-solve labels; where they are not (e.g., combinatorial action spaces), we train a lightweight reinforcement learning intervention head. Across real-road benchmarks on the Asymmetric Traveling Salesperson Problem and Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, probes built on frozen model representations achieve the strongest performance on a majority of intervention tasks and improve over local-repair heuristics on edge-forbiddance and on key node- and multi-node-removal metrics. We further investigate probeability as a property of the routing model itself, varying model quality, the mix of supervised learning and reinforcement learning, and the architecture family. Overall, our results suggest a new use case for NCO solvers: representations learned for route construction can transfer to decision support.
Machine Learning (cs.LG)
arXiv:2602.07216 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2602.07216v2 [cs.LG] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.07216 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
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